Efectos de la toxicidad de cadmio en la morfología de plantas de Bidens pilosa L
Effects of cadmium toxicity on the morphology of Bidens pilosa L
Efeitos da toxicidade do cádmio na morfologia de Bidens pilosa L
Nuri Carito Vilca Valqui1*, Manuel Oliva 2 , Nilton B. Rojas Briceño2
El cadmio es un metal que afectan los recursos naturales, plantas y seres humanos. Ante ello, se ha buscado diferentes métodos para mitigar el problema, uno de ellos es la fitorremediación que hace uso de especies que tienen el potencial de acumular el metal pesado en sus tejidos vegetales. Esta investigación tuvo por objetivo evaluar el efecto que causa la toxicidad de cadmio en la morfología de plantas de cadillo (Bindes pilosa L.). Las plantas fueron sembradas en dos tipos de sustrato con pH 6.27 y 5.53, agregando diferentes concentraciones de cloruro de cadmio (CdCl2) (0, 5 y 10 ppm) dentro de un invernadero; donde se tuvo 6 tratamientos con 5 repeticiones, teniendo así 30 unidades experimentales. Se evaluó parámetros morfológicos y concentraciones de Cd en la parte radicular y foliar. De los resultados obtenidos, el cadillo sembrado en el sustrato con pH 5.53 sin CdCl2 tuvo mayor altura con 27.18 cm, con el mismo sustrato más 10 ppm de CdCl2 se obtuvo mayores valores en las variables; número de brotes (16 brotes), peso fresco foliar (26.70 g), peso seco foliar (10.92 g), peso fresco radicular (5.77 g), peso seco radicular (1.04 g) y longitud de raíz (26.90 mm). Respecto a la acumulación de Cd en los tejidos vegetales se obtuvo mayor concentración en la parte foliar (7.27 ppm) y menos en la raíz (2.57 ppm). Se concluye, que esta especie podría tener utilidad en la fitorremediación de suelos contaminados con Cd.
Palabras claves: Fitorremediación, acumulación, especie herbácea, foliar, radicular.
Cadmium is a metal that affects natural resources, plants and human beings. Therefore, different methods have been sought to mitigate the problem, one of them is phytoremediation that makes use of species that have the potential to accumulate the heavy metal in their plant tissues. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of cadmium toxicity on the morphology of cadmium cadmium plants (Bindes pilosa L.). The plants were planted in two types of substrate with pH 6.27 and 5.53, adding different concentrations of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (0, 5 and 10 ppm) inside a greenhouse; where there were 6 treatments with 5 replicates, thus having 30 experimental units. Morphological parameters and Cd concentrations in the root and foliar parts were evaluated. From the results obtained, the cadillo planted in the substrate with pH 5.53 without CdCl2 had greater height with 27.18 cm, with the same substrate plus 10 ppm of CdCl2 higher values were obtained in the variables; number of shoots (16 shoots), foliar fresh weight (26.70 g), foliar dry weight (10.92 g), root fresh weight (5.77 g), root dry weight (1.04 g) and root length (26.90 mm). Regarding the accumulation of Cd in plant tissues, a higher concentration was obtained in the foliar part (7.27 ppm) and less in the root (2.57 ppm). It is concluded that this species could be useful in the phytoremediation of Cd-contaminated soils.
Keywords: Phytoremediation, accumulation, herbaceous species, foliar, root.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.55996/dekamuagropec.v3i2.100
1 Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Estación Experimental Agraria Amazonas (EEA-Amazonas), Perú; Email: nuricarito.02@gmail.com.
2Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sostenible de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (UNTRM-A), Perú. Email: soliva@indes-ces.edu.pe, nrojas@indes-ces.edu.pe
O cádmio é um metal que afeta os recursos naturais, as plantas e o homem. Portanto, diferentes métodos foram procurados para mitigar o problema, um deles é a fitorremediação, que faz uso de espécies que têm o potencial de acumular o metal pesado em seus tecidos vegetais. O objetivo desta pesquisa era avaliar o efeito da toxicidade do cádmio sobre a morfologia das plantas de cádmio cádmio (Bindes pilosa L.). As plantas foram plantadas em dois tipos de substrato com pH 6,27 e 5,53, adicionando diferentes concentrações de cloreto de cádmio (CdCl2) (0, 5 e 10 ppm) dentro de uma estufa; onde houve 6 tratamentos com 5 réplicas, tendo assim 30 unidades experimentais. Os parâmetros morfológicos e as concentrações de Cd na raiz e nas partes foliares foram avaliados. A partir dos resultados obtidos, o cadillo plantado no substrato com pH 5,53 sem CdCl2 teve maior altura com 27,18 cm, com o mesmo substrato mais 10 ppm de CdCl2 foram obtidos maiores valores nas variáveis; número de brotos (16 brotos), peso foliar fresco (26,70 g), peso foliar seco (10,92 g), peso foliar fresco (5,77 g), peso foliar seco (1,04 g) e comprimento da raiz (26,90 mm). Com relação ao acúmulo de Cd nos tecidos vegetais, a maior concentração foi obtida na parte foliar (7,27 ppm) e menos na raiz (2,57 ppm). Conclui-se que esta espécie poderia ser útil na fitorremediação de solos contaminados por Cd.
Palavras-chave: Fitorremediação, acumulação, espécies herbáceas, foliar, raiz.
Parámetros |
S1 (1 arena: 1 turba: 1 tierra agrícola) |
S2 (1/2 arena: 1 turba: 1 tierra agrícola) |
pH |
6.27 |
5.53 |
CE |
0.23 |
0.31 |
Altura (cm) |
N° de brotes |
Peso fresco foliar (g) |
Peso seco foliar (g) |
|
Sustrato (S) |
||||
1 arena: 1 turba: 1 tierra agrícola (S1) |
20.99±3.06 b |
13.53±2.26 |
17.93±4.54 |
6.19±1.59 |
1/2 arena: 1 turba: 1 tierra agrícola (S2) |
26.81±3.06 a |
12.90±2.97 |
20.20±8.79 |
8.05±1.08 |
Concentraciones de Cd (C) |
||||
0 ppm (C1) |
22.93±5.38 |
12.05±2.08 b |
15.05±6.25 b |
3.10±1.27 b |
5 ppm (C2) |
23.47±3.98 |
12.10±1.91 b |
19.45±6.73 ab |
7.85±2.02 a |
10 ppm (C3) |
25.30±3.03 |
15.40±2.46 a |
22.70±6.73 a |
10.41±3.47 a |
Interacción (S*C) |
||||
S1*C1 |
18.68±1.75 b |
12.80±1.79 ab |
18.30±3.17 ab |
3.28±0.93 b |
S1*C2 |
20.30±1.81b |
13.00±1.58 ab |
16.80±6.27 ab |
5.40±1.01 ab |
S1*C3 |
23.98±2.82 ab |
14.80±3.03 ab |
18.70±4.51 ab |
9.90±3.52 a |
S2*C1 |
27.18±4.11a |
11.50±2.35 b |
11.80±3.16 b |
2.92±0.61 b |
S2*C2 |
26.64±2.70 a |
11.20±1.92 b |
22.10±5.66 ab |
10.30±3.85 a |
S2*C3 |
26.62±2.90 a |
16.00±1.87 a |
26.70±6.45 a |
10.92±2.50 a |
|
Peso fresco radicular (g) |
Peso seco radicular (g) |
Longitud de raíz (mm) |
|
Sustrato (S) |
|
|
|
|
1 arena: 1 turba: 1 tierra agrícola (S1) |
3.54±0.92 b |
0.64±0.22 b |
23.92±2.22 |
|
1/2 arena: 1 turba: 1 tierra agrícola (S2) |
4.57±1.17 a |
0.84±0.37 a |
26.91±3.58 |
|
Concentraciones de Cd (C) |
|
|
|
|
0 ppm (C1) |
3.30±1.22 b |
0.53±0.26 b |
21.99±7.51 |
|
5 ppm (C2) |
4.24±1.57 ab |
0.75±0.34 ab |
27.51±9.96 |
|
10 ppm (C3) |
4.61±1.44 a |
0.95±0.20 a |
26.75±5.26 |
|
S*C |
|
|
|
|
S1*C1 |
4.01±0.85 abc |
0.59±0.17 bc |
25.94±8.62 ab |
|
S1*C2 |
3.15±0.78 c |
0.50±0.15 c |
19.22±3.32 b |
|
S1*C3 |
3.46±0.59 bc |
0.85±0.19 abc |
26.60±7.44 ab |
|
S2*C1 |
2.60±1.17 c |
0.47±0.34 c |
18.04±3.67 b |
|
S2*C2 |
5.33±1.08 ab |
1.04±0.17 a |
35.80±6.35 a |
|
S2*C3 |
5.77±0.99 a |
1.01±0.28 ab |
26.90±2.63 ab |
|
|
Cd foliar (ppm) |
Cd radicular (ppm) |
Sustrato (S) |
||
1 arena: 1 turba: 1 tierra agrícola (S1) |
3.75±1.40 a |
1.69±0.63 a |
1/2 arena: 1 turba: 1 tierra agrícola (S2) |
2.24±0.83 b |
0.98±0.2 b |
Concentraciones de Cd (C) |
||
0 ppm (C1) |
0.00±0.00 c |
0.00±0.00 c |
5 ppm (C2) |
3.34±1.00 b |
1.24±0.54 b |
10 ppm (C3) |
5.66±1.47 a |
2.76±0.92 a |
Interacción (S*C) |
||
S1*C1 |
0.00±0.00 c |
0.00±0.00 c |
S1*C2 |
4.03±0.71b |
1.49±0.40 b |
S1*C3 |
7.27±2.62 a |
2.57±0.92 a |
S2*C1 |
0.00±0.00 c |
0.00±0.00 c |
S2*C2 |
2.66±0.76 b |
0.98±0.58 bc |
S2*C3 |
4.06±0.68 b |
1.95±0.34 b |
Adrees, M., Ali, S., Rizwan, M., Zia-ur-Rehman, M., Ibrahim, M., Abbas, F., Farid, M., Qayyum, M. F., & Irshad, M. K. (2015). Mechanisms of silicon-mediated alleviation of heavy metal toxicity in plants: A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 119, 186–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOENV.2015.05.011
Dai, H., Wei, S., Pogrzeba, M., Krzyżak, J., Rusinowski, S., & Zhang, Q. (2021). The cadmium accumulation differences of two Bidens pilosa L. ecotypes from clean farmlands and the changes of some physiology and biochemistry indices. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 209. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOENV.2020.111847
El-Mahrouk, E. S. M., Eisa, E. A. H., Hegazi, M. A., Abdel-Gayed, M. E. S., Dewir, Y. H., El-Mahrouk, M. E., & Naidoo, Y. (2019). Phytoremediation of Cadmium-, Copper-, and Lead-contaminated Soil by Salix mucronata
(Synonym Salix safsaf). HortScience, 54(7), 1249–1257. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI14018-19
Genchi, G., Sinicropi, M. S., Lauria, G., Carocci, A., & Catalano, A. (2020). The Effects of Cadmium Toxicity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH17113782
González, C., Thompson, J., Martínez, Y., & Sánchez, N. (2010). Concentración de cadmio en partículas de diferentes tamaños de un suelo de la Cuenca del Lago de Valencia. Revista de la Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad Central de Venezuela, 25(2), 73–80. http://ve.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0798-40652010000200008&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es
Guoju, X., Fengju, Z., Juying, H., Chengke, L., Jing, W., Fei, M., Yubi, Y., Runyuan, W., & Zhengji, Q. (2016). Response of bean cultures’ water use efficiency against climate warming in semiarid regions of China. Agricultural Water Management, 173, 84–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGWAT.2016.05.010
He, S., Yang, X., He, Z., & Baligar, V. C. (2017). Morphological and Physiological Responses of Plants to Cadmium Toxicity: A Review. Pedosphere, 27(3), 421–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60339-4
Ismael, M. A., Elyamine, A. M., Moussa, M. G., Cai, M., Zhao, X., & Hu, C. (2019). Cadmium in plants: uptake, toxicity, and its interactions with selenium fertilizers. Metallomics, 11(2), 255–277. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8MT00247A
Kubier, A., Wilkin, R. T., & Pichler, T. (2019). Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review. Applied Geochemistry, 108, 104388. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APGEOCHEM.2019.104388
Mahajan, P., & Kaushal, J. (2018). Role of Phytoremediation in Reducing Cadmium Toxicity in Soil and Water. Journal of Toxicology, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4864365
Muszyńska, E., Hanus-Fajerska, E., & Ciarkowska, K. (2018). Studies on lead and cadmium toxicity in Dianthus carthusianorum calamine ecotype cultivated in vitro. Plant Biology, 20(3), 474–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/PLB.12712
Rizwan, M., Ali, S., Zia ur Rehman, M., Rinklebe, J., Tsang, D. C. W., Bashir, A., Maqbool, A., Tack, F. M. G., & Ok, Y. S. (2018). Cadmium phytoremediation potential of Brassica crop species: A review. Science of The Total Environment, 631–632, 1175–1191. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2018.03.104
Rodríguez Albarracín, H. S., Darghan Contreras, A. E., & Henao, M. C. (2019). Spatial regression modeling of soils with high cadmium content in a cocoa producing area of Central Colombia. Geoderma Regional. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2019.e00214
Shaari, N. E. M., Tajudin, M. T. F. M., Khandaker, M. M., Majrashi, A., Alenazi, M. M., Abdullahi, U. A., & Mohd, K. S. (2022). Cadmium toxicity symptoms and uptake mechanism in plants: a review. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 84(252143), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.252143
Sun, Y., Zhou, Q., Wang, L., & Liu, W. (2009). Cadmium tolerance and accumulation characteristics of Bidens pilosa L. as a potential Cd-hyperaccumulator. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 161(2–3), 808–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2008.04.030
Ying, R. R., Qiu, R. L., Tang, Y. T., Hu, P. J., Qiu, H., Chen, H. R., Shi, T. H., & Morel, J. L. (2010). Cadmium tolerance of carbon assimilation enzymes and chloroplast in Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator Picris divaricata. Journal of Plant Physiology, 167(2), 81–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPLPH.2009.07.005
Zhi, Y., Zhou, Q., Leng, X., & Zhao, C. (2020). Mechanism of Remediation of Cadmium-Contaminated Soil With Low-Energy Plant Snapdragon. Frontiers in Chemistry, 8, 222. https://doi.org/10.3389/FCHEM.2020.00222
Zhu, T., Li, L., Duan, Q., Liu, X., & Chen, M. (2020). Progress in our understanding of plant responses to the stress of heavy metal cadmium. https://doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2020.1836884, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15592324.2020.1836884